# DrugFYI > Comprehensive pharmacology encyclopedia. Active pharmaceutical ingredients with molecular properties, ADME pharmacokinetics, drug targets, drug-drug interactions, ATC classification, therapeutic areas, drug journeys (ADME narratives), drug families (SAR analysis), clinical milestones, pharmacological comparisons, side effects, glossary terms, guides, and interactive tools in 15 languages. ## Data Scope - Active ingredients (INN) with IUPAC names, CAS numbers, UNII, PubChem CID, ChEMBL ID, DrugBank ID - Molecular properties: formula, weight, SMILES, InChI, XLogP, TPSA, H-bond donors/acceptors, Lipinski - Pharmacology: mechanism of action, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics - PK parameters: half-life, bioavailability, protein binding, metabolism, excretion - ATC drug classes (hierarchical, 5 levels) with DDD (Defined Daily Dose) - Drug targets (enzymes, receptors, ion channels, transporters, kinases) with UniProt/ChEMBL IDs - Drug-target interactions with action type (inhibitor, agonist, antagonist, etc.) and binding affinity - Drug-drug interactions with severity, mechanism, clinical significance, management - Therapeutic areas with ICD-10 codes and MeSH terms - Drug journeys: ADME narrative storytelling (absorption, distribution, mechanism, metabolism, excretion) - Drug families: SAR analysis with core scaffolds, structural modifications, pharmacophore features - Clinical milestones: drug discovery, mechanism elucidation, landmark approvals, Nobel prizes - Pharmacological comparisons: head-to-head drug analysis (PK, PD, chemistry, clinical) - Side effects with MedDRA codes and System Organ Class - Glossary terms across 12 pharmacology categories - Guides in 12 series (mechanisms, PK, drug classes, interactions, clinical trials, etc.) - Interactive pharmacology tools (interaction checker, half-life calculator, Lipinski, etc.) - SVG molecular structure visualizations ## URL Patterns - Append `.md` to any URL for plain-text markdown format. - i18n: URL prefix `/{lang}` for non-English (ko, ja, zh-hans, es, fr, de, pt, ru, vi, tr, ar, hi, th, id). - `/drugs/` — Drug browse (paginated, filterable) (e.g. `/drugs/`) - `/drugs/a-z/` — Drugs A-Z index (e.g. `/drugs/a-z/`) - `/drug/{slug}/` — Drug detail with molecular data, PK, targets, interactions (e.g. `/drug/aspirin/`) - `/classes/` — ATC drug classes (hierarchical) (e.g. `/classes/`) - `/class/{atc_code}/` — Drug class detail (e.g. `/class/a10/`) - `/targets/` — Drug targets list (e.g. `/targets/`) - `/target/{slug}/` — Drug target detail with interacting drugs (e.g. `/target/p-glycoprotein/`) - `/conditions/` — Therapeutic areas list (e.g. `/conditions/`) - `/condition/{slug}/` — Therapeutic area detail (e.g. `/condition/alzheimers-disease/`) - `/interaction/{drug_a}/{drug_b}/` — Drug-drug interaction detail (e.g. `/interaction/aspirin/warfarin/`) - `/journeys/` — Drug journey narratives (ADME) (e.g. `/journeys/`) - `/journey/{slug}/` — Drug journey detail (e.g. `/journey/journey-of-adalimumab/`) - `/families/` — Drug families (SAR analysis) (e.g. `/families/`) - `/family/{slug}/` — Drug family detail (e.g. `/family/ace-inhibitor-family/`) - `/timeline/` — Clinical milestones timeline (e.g. `/timeline/`) - `/timeline/calendar/` — Timeline calendar view (e.g. `/timeline/calendar/`) - `/timeline/{year}/` — Timeline by year (e.g. `/timeline/2024/`) - `/timeline/{slug}/` — Milestone detail (e.g. `/timeline/morphine-isolation-1804/`) - `/on-this-day/` — On this day in pharmacology (e.g. `/on-this-day/`) - `/on-this-day/{month-day}/` — On this day detail (e.g. `/on-this-day/march-14/`) - `/comparisons/` — Pharmacological comparisons (e.g. `/comparisons/`) - `/compare/{slug}/` — Head-to-head drug comparison (e.g. `/compare/aspirin-vs-ibuprofen/`) - `/side-effects/` — Side effects list (MedDRA) (e.g. `/side-effects/`) - `/side-effect/{slug}/` — Side effect detail (e.g. `/side-effect/headache/`) - `/guide/` — Pharmacology guides (e.g. `/guide/`) - `/guide/{slug}/` — Guide article (e.g. `/guide/antimicrobial-pharmacology-principles/`) - `/glossary/` — Pharmacology glossary (e.g. `/glossary/`) - `/glossary/{slug}/` — Glossary term definition (e.g. `/glossary/bioavailability/`) - `/tools/` — Interactive pharmacology tools (e.g. `/tools/`) - `/tools/{slug}/` — Tool page (e.g. `/tools/interaction-checker/`) - `/gallery/` — Molecular structure gallery (e.g. `/gallery/`) - `/rankings/` — Drug rankings index (e.g. `/rankings/`) - `/rankings/{metric}/` — Drug ranking by metric (e.g. `/rankings/most-targets/`) - `/search/` — Search drugs, targets, glossary (e.g. `/search/?q=aspirin`) - `/statistics/` — DrugFYI statistics (e.g. `/statistics/`) ## Browse Drugs - [All Drugs](https://drugfyi.com/drugs/) - [Drugs A-Z](https://drugfyi.com/drugs/a-z/) - [ATC Drug Classes](https://drugfyi.com/classes/) - [Drug Targets](https://drugfyi.com/targets/) - [Therapeutic Areas](https://drugfyi.com/conditions/) ## Pharmacology Content - [Drug Journeys (ADME)](https://drugfyi.com/journeys/) - [Drug Families (SAR)](https://drugfyi.com/families/) - [Pharmacological Comparisons](https://drugfyi.com/comparisons/) - [Side Effects](https://drugfyi.com/side-effects/) ## Timeline & History - [Clinical Milestones](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/) - [On This Day](https://drugfyi.com/on-this-day/) ## Guides & Education - [All Guides](https://drugfyi.com/guide/) - [Glossary](https://drugfyi.com/glossary/) ## Interactive Tools - [All Tools](https://drugfyi.com/tools/) - [Structure Gallery](https://drugfyi.com/gallery/) - [Rankings](https://drugfyi.com/rankings/) ## Embed Widget - [DrugFYI Widget Docs](https://widget.drugfyi.com) - [drugfyi-embed on npm](https://www.npmjs.com/package/drugfyi-embed) - [drugfyi-embed on GitHub](https://github.com/fyipedia/drugfyi-embed) ## REST API Free REST API. No authentication required. JSON responses. CORS enabled. | Method | Endpoint | Description | |--------|----------|-------------| | GET | `/api/v1/drugs/` | List active ingredients (paginated) | | GET | `/api/v1/drugs/{id}/` | Drug detail with molecular properties | | GET | `/api/v1/drug-classes/` | ATC drug classes | | GET | `/api/v1/drug-classes/{id}/` | Drug class detail | | GET | `/api/v1/drug-targets/` | Drug targets | | GET | `/api/v1/drug-targets/{id}/` | Drug target detail | | GET | `/api/v1/therapeutic-areas/` | Therapeutic areas | | GET | `/api/v1/therapeutic-areas/{id}/` | Therapeutic area detail | | GET | `/api/v1/interactions/` | Drug interactions | | GET | `/api/v1/journeys/` | Drug journeys | | GET | `/api/v1/journeys/{id}/` | Drug journey detail | | GET | `/api/v1/families/` | Drug families | | GET | `/api/v1/families/{id}/` | Drug family detail | | GET | `/api/v1/milestones/` | Clinical milestones | | GET | `/api/v1/milestones/{id}/` | Milestone detail | | GET | `/api/v1/comparisons/` | Pharmacological comparisons | | GET | `/api/v1/comparisons/{id}/` | Comparison detail | | GET | `/api/v1/side-effects/` | Side effects | | GET | `/api/v1/side-effects/{id}/` | Side effect detail | | GET | `/api/v1/glossary/` | Glossary terms | | GET | `/api/v1/glossary/{id}/` | Glossary term detail | | GET | `/api/v1/guides/` | Guide articles | | GET | `/api/v1/guides/{id}/` | Guide detail | | GET | `/api/v1/tools/` | Interactive tools | | GET | `/api/v1/faqs/` | FAQs | | GET | `/api/v1/search/?q={query}` | Search across drugs, targets, glossary | | GET | `/api/v1/stats/` | Site statistics | ```bash curl -s "https://drugfyi.com/api/v1/drugs/?limit=5" ``` [API Docs](https://drugfyi.com/developers/) ## Health FYI Family Part of [FYIPedia](https://fyipedia.com) developer tools ecosystem. - [AnatomyFYI](https://anatomyfyi.com) — 14,692 anatomical structures, systems, organs - [PillFYI](https://pillfyi.com) — Pill identification, FDA/MFDS drug database - [DrugFYI](https://drugfyi.com) — Drug interactions, pharmacology, side effects - [NutriFYI](https://nutrifyi.com) — Nutrition data, food composition, dietary analysis ## Images (CDN) OG images at https://cdn.drugfyi.com/og/ - https://cdn.drugfyi.com/og/homepage.png ## ATC Drug Classes (Level 1) - [A — Alimentary Tract and Metabolism](https://drugfyi.com/class/a/) - [B — Blood and Blood Forming Organs](https://drugfyi.com/class/b/) - [C — Cardiovascular System](https://drugfyi.com/class/c/) - [D — Dermatologicals](https://drugfyi.com/class/d/) - [G — Genito-Urinary System and Sex Hormones](https://drugfyi.com/class/g/) - [H — Systemic Hormonal Preparations, Excluding Sex Hormones and Insulins](https://drugfyi.com/class/h/) - [J — Antiinfectives for Systemic Use](https://drugfyi.com/class/j/) - [L — Antineoplastic and Immunomodulating Agents](https://drugfyi.com/class/l/) - [M — Musculo-Skeletal System](https://drugfyi.com/class/m/) - [N — Nervous System](https://drugfyi.com/class/n/) - [P — Antiparasitic Products, Insecticides and Repellents](https://drugfyi.com/class/p/) - [R — Respiratory System](https://drugfyi.com/class/r/) - [S — Sensory Organs](https://drugfyi.com/class/s/) - [V — Various](https://drugfyi.com/class/v/) ## Drug Targets (Top 500) - [ALK (Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase)](https://drugfyi.com/target/alk/) - [ACE (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme)](https://drugfyi.com/target/ace/) - [AGTR1 (Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor)](https://drugfyi.com/target/at1-receptor/) - [BCR-ABL1 (BCR-ABL Fusion Protein)](https://drugfyi.com/target/bcr-abl/) - [ADRB1 (Beta-1 Adrenergic Receptor)](https://drugfyi.com/target/beta-1-adrenoceptor/) - [ADRB2 (Beta-2 Adrenergic Receptor)](https://drugfyi.com/target/beta-2-adrenoceptor/) - [BRAF (BRAF Kinase)](https://drugfyi.com/target/braf/) - [CDK4/CDK6 (Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/6)](https://drugfyi.com/target/cdk4-6/) - [PTGS1 (Cyclooxygenase-1)](https://drugfyi.com/target/cox-1/) - [PTGS2 (Cyclooxygenase-2)](https://drugfyi.com/target/cox-2/) - [CYP2D6 (Cytochrome P450 2D6)](https://drugfyi.com/target/cyp2d6/) - [CYP3A4 (Cytochrome P450 3A4)](https://drugfyi.com/target/cyp3a4/) - [CTLA4 (Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4)](https://drugfyi.com/target/ctla-4/) - [DRD2 (Dopamine D2 Receptor)](https://drugfyi.com/target/drd2/) - [EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor)](https://drugfyi.com/target/egfr/) - [F10 (Factor Xa)](https://drugfyi.com/target/factor-xa/) - [GABRA1 (GABA-A Receptor)](https://drugfyi.com/target/gaba-a/) - [HRH1 (Histamine H1 Receptor)](https://drugfyi.com/target/h1-receptor/) - [HRH2 (Histamine H2 Receptor)](https://drugfyi.com/target/h2-receptor/) - [HMGCR (HMG-CoA Reductase)](https://drugfyi.com/target/hmg-coa-reductase/) - [IL6 (Interleukin-6)](https://drugfyi.com/target/il-6/) - [MTOR (Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin)](https://drugfyi.com/target/mtor/) - [OPRM1 (Mu-Opioid Receptor)](https://drugfyi.com/target/mu-opioid/) - [PPARG (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma)](https://drugfyi.com/target/pparg/) - [ABCB1 (P-glycoprotein)](https://drugfyi.com/target/p-glycoprotein/) - [PDE5A (Phosphodiesterase 5)](https://drugfyi.com/target/pde5/) - [PDCD1 (Programmed Cell Death Protein 1)](https://drugfyi.com/target/pd-1/) - [ATP4A (Proton Pump (H+/K+-ATPase))](https://drugfyi.com/target/proton-pump/) - [HTR2A (Serotonin 5-HT2A Receptor)](https://drugfyi.com/target/5-ht2a/) - [SLC6A4 (Serotonin Transporter)](https://drugfyi.com/target/sert/) - [SIGMAR1 (Sigma-1 Receptor)](https://drugfyi.com/target/sigma-1/) - [SCN9A (Sodium Channel Nav1.7)](https://drugfyi.com/target/nav1-7/) - [F2 (Thrombin)](https://drugfyi.com/target/thrombin/) - [TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha)](https://drugfyi.com/target/tnf-alpha/) - [KDR (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2)](https://drugfyi.com/target/vegfr2/) - [VKORC1 (Vitamin K Epoxide Reductase)](https://drugfyi.com/target/vkorc1/) ## Therapeutic Areas - [Age-Related Macular Degeneration](https://drugfyi.com/condition/age-related-macular-degeneration/) - [Alzheimer's Disease](https://drugfyi.com/condition/alzheimers-disease/) - [Anesthesiology](https://drugfyi.com/condition/anesthesiology/) - [Asthma](https://drugfyi.com/condition/asthma/) - [Atopic Dermatitis](https://drugfyi.com/condition/atopic-dermatitis/) - [Atrial Fibrillation](https://drugfyi.com/condition/atrial-fibrillation/) - [Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia](https://drugfyi.com/condition/bph/) - [Bipolar Disorder](https://drugfyi.com/condition/bipolar-disorder/) - [Bladder Cancer](https://drugfyi.com/condition/bladder-cancer/) - [Breast Cancer](https://drugfyi.com/condition/breast-cancer/) - [Cardiovascular Disease](https://drugfyi.com/condition/cardiovascular-disease/) - [Chronic Kidney Disease](https://drugfyi.com/condition/chronic-kidney-disease/) - [Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease](https://drugfyi.com/condition/copd/) - [Chronic Pain](https://drugfyi.com/condition/chronic-pain/) - [Colorectal Cancer](https://drugfyi.com/condition/colorectal-cancer/) - [Deep Vein Thrombosis / Pulmonary Embolism](https://drugfyi.com/condition/dvt-pe/) - [Dermatology](https://drugfyi.com/condition/dermatology/) - [Endocrinology](https://drugfyi.com/condition/endocrinology/) - [Endometriosis](https://drugfyi.com/condition/endometriosis/) - [Epilepsy](https://drugfyi.com/condition/epilepsy/) - [Gastroenterology](https://drugfyi.com/condition/gastroenterology/) - [Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease](https://drugfyi.com/condition/gerd/) - [Generalized Anxiety Disorder](https://drugfyi.com/condition/anxiety/) - [Glaucoma](https://drugfyi.com/condition/glaucoma/) - [Gout](https://drugfyi.com/condition/gout/) - [Heart Failure](https://drugfyi.com/condition/heart-failure/) - [Hematology](https://drugfyi.com/condition/hematology/) - [Hepatitis C](https://drugfyi.com/condition/hepatitis-c/) - [Hepatology](https://drugfyi.com/condition/hepatology/) - [HIV/AIDS](https://drugfyi.com/condition/hiv-aids/) - [Hyperlipidemia](https://drugfyi.com/condition/hyperlipidemia/) - [Hypertension](https://drugfyi.com/condition/hypertension/) - [Immunology](https://drugfyi.com/condition/immunology/) - [Infectious Disease](https://drugfyi.com/condition/infectious-disease/) - [Inflammatory Bowel Disease](https://drugfyi.com/condition/ibd/) - [Insomnia](https://drugfyi.com/condition/insomnia/) - [Leukemia](https://drugfyi.com/condition/leukemia/) - [Lymphoma](https://drugfyi.com/condition/lymphoma/) - [Major Depressive Disorder](https://drugfyi.com/condition/major-depressive-disorder/) - [Malaria](https://drugfyi.com/condition/malaria/) - [Melanoma](https://drugfyi.com/condition/melanoma/) - [Migraine](https://drugfyi.com/condition/migraine/) - [Multiple Sclerosis](https://drugfyi.com/condition/multiple-sclerosis/) - [Nephrology](https://drugfyi.com/condition/nephrology/) - [Neurology](https://drugfyi.com/condition/neurology/) - [Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease](https://drugfyi.com/condition/nafld/) - [Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer](https://drugfyi.com/condition/nsclc/) - [Obesity](https://drugfyi.com/condition/obesity/) - [Obstetrics & Gynecology](https://drugfyi.com/condition/obstetrics-gynecology/) - [Oncology](https://drugfyi.com/condition/oncology/) - [Ophthalmology](https://drugfyi.com/condition/ophthalmology/) - [Osteoporosis](https://drugfyi.com/condition/osteoporosis/) - [Ovarian Cancer](https://drugfyi.com/condition/ovarian-cancer/) - [Pain Management](https://drugfyi.com/condition/pain-management/) - [Pancreatic Cancer](https://drugfyi.com/condition/pancreatic-cancer/) - [Parkinson's Disease](https://drugfyi.com/condition/parkinsons-disease/) - [Prostate Cancer](https://drugfyi.com/condition/prostate-cancer/) - [Psoriasis](https://drugfyi.com/condition/psoriasis/) - [Psychiatry](https://drugfyi.com/condition/psychiatry/) - [Respiratory Disease](https://drugfyi.com/condition/respiratory-disease/) - [Rheumatoid Arthritis](https://drugfyi.com/condition/rheumatoid-arthritis/) - [Rheumatology](https://drugfyi.com/condition/rheumatology/) - [Schizophrenia](https://drugfyi.com/condition/schizophrenia/) - [Stroke](https://drugfyi.com/condition/stroke/) - [Systemic Lupus Erythematosus](https://drugfyi.com/condition/lupus/) - [Thyroid Cancer](https://drugfyi.com/condition/thyroid-cancer/) - [Transplant Medicine](https://drugfyi.com/condition/transplant-medicine/) - [Tuberculosis](https://drugfyi.com/condition/tuberculosis/) - [Type 2 Diabetes](https://drugfyi.com/condition/type-2-diabetes/) - [Urology](https://drugfyi.com/condition/urology/) ## Drug Journeys (ADME Narratives) - [The Journey of Adalimumab](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-adalimumab/) - [The Journey of Allopurinol](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-allopurinol/) - [The Journey of Amlodipine](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-amlodipine/) - [The Journey of Amoxicillin](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-amoxicillin/) - [The Journey of Apixaban](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-apixaban/) - [The Journey of Aspirin](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-aspirin/) - [The Journey of Atorvastatin](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-atorvastatin/) - [The Journey of Azithromycin](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-azithromycin/) - [The Journey of Buprenorphine](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-buprenorphine/) - [The Journey of Carbamazepine](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-carbamazepine/) - [The Journey of Ciprofloxacin](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-ciprofloxacin/) - [The Journey of Clopidogrel](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-clopidogrel/) - [The Journey of Cyclosporine](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-cyclosporine/) - [The Journey of Dexamethasone](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-dexamethasone/) - [The Journey of Diazepam](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-diazepam/) - [The Journey of Donepezil](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-donepezil/) - [The Journey of Empagliflozin](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-empagliflozin/) - [The Journey of Fentanyl](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-fentanyl/) - [The Journey of Fluoxetine](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-fluoxetine/) - [The Journey of Gabapentin](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-gabapentin/) - [The Journey of Ibuprofen](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-ibuprofen/) - [The Journey of Imatinib](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-imatinib/) - [The Journey of Insulin Glargine](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-insulin-glargine/) - [The Journey of Levodopa](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-levodopa/) - [The Journey of Lisinopril](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-lisinopril/) - [The Journey of Lithium](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-lithium/) - [The Journey of Losartan](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-losartan/) - [The Journey of Metformin](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-metformin/) - [The Journey of Metoprolol](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-metoprolol/) - [The Journey of Morphine](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-morphine/) - [The Journey of Nivolumab](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-nivolumab/) - [The Journey of Omeprazole](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-omeprazole/) - [The Journey of Oseltamivir](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-oseltamivir/) - [The Journey of Osimertinib](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-osimertinib/) - [The Journey of Pantoprazole](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-pantoprazole/) - [The Journey of Pembrolizumab](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-pembrolizumab/) - [The Journey of Rituximab](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-rituximab/) - [The Journey of Rivaroxaban](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-rivaroxaban/) - [The Journey of Rosuvastatin](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-rosuvastatin/) - [The Journey of Sacubitril-Valsartan](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-sacubitril-valsartan/) - [The Journey of Semaglutide](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-semaglutide/) - [The Journey of Sertraline](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-sertraline/) - [The Journey of Sildenafil](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-sildenafil/) - [The Journey of Tacrolimus](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-tacrolimus/) - [The Journey of Tamoxifen](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-tamoxifen/) - [The Journey of Tirzepatide](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-tirzepatide/) - [The Journey of Tofacitinib](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-tofacitinib/) - [The Journey of Trastuzumab](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-trastuzumab/) - [The Journey of Vancomycin](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-vancomycin/) - [The Journey of Warfarin](https://drugfyi.com/journey/journey-of-warfarin/) ## Drug Families (SAR Analysis) - [The ACE Inhibitor Family](https://drugfyi.com/family/ace-inhibitor-family/) - [The Aminoglycoside Family](https://drugfyi.com/family/aminoglycoside-family/) - [The Anti-TNF Family](https://drugfyi.com/family/anti-tnf-family/) - [The ARB Family](https://drugfyi.com/family/arb-family/) - [The BCR-ABL Inhibitor Family](https://drugfyi.com/family/bcr-abl-inhibitor-family/) - [The Benzodiazepine Family](https://drugfyi.com/family/benzodiazepine-family/) - [The Beta-Blocker Family](https://drugfyi.com/family/beta-blocker-family/) - [The Cephalosporin Family](https://drugfyi.com/family/cephalosporin-family/) - [The Checkpoint Inhibitor Family](https://drugfyi.com/family/checkpoint-inhibitor-family/) - [The DHP Calcium Blocker Family](https://drugfyi.com/family/dhp-calcium-blocker-family/) - [The DOAC Family](https://drugfyi.com/family/doac-family/) - [The DPP-4 Inhibitor Family](https://drugfyi.com/family/dpp4-inhibitor-family/) - [The EGFR Inhibitor Family](https://drugfyi.com/family/egfr-inhibitor-family/) - [The Fluoroquinolone Family](https://drugfyi.com/family/fluoroquinolone-family/) - [The GLP-1 Agonist Family](https://drugfyi.com/family/glp1-agonist-family/) - [The JAK Inhibitor Family](https://drugfyi.com/family/jak-inhibitor-family/) - [The Kinase Inhibitor Type II Family](https://drugfyi.com/family/kinase-inhibitor-type-ii-family/) - [The Macrolide Antibiotic Family](https://drugfyi.com/family/macrolide-family/) - [The NSAID Family](https://drugfyi.com/family/nsaid-family/) - [The Opioid Family](https://drugfyi.com/family/opioid-family/) - [The PARP Inhibitor Family](https://drugfyi.com/family/parp-inhibitor-family/) - [The Penicillin Family](https://drugfyi.com/family/penicillin-family/) - [The Phenothiazine Antipsychotic Family](https://drugfyi.com/family/phenothiazine-family/) - [The PPI Family](https://drugfyi.com/family/ppi-family/) - [The SGLT2 Inhibitor Family](https://drugfyi.com/family/sglt2-inhibitor-family/) - [The SSRI Family](https://drugfyi.com/family/ssri-family/) - [The Statin Family](https://drugfyi.com/family/statin-family/) - [The Tetracycline Family](https://drugfyi.com/family/tetracycline-family/) - [The Thiazolidinedione Family](https://drugfyi.com/family/thiazolidinedione-family/) - [The Triptan Family](https://drugfyi.com/family/triptan-family/) ## Clinical Milestones - [1804: Isolation of Morphine from Opium (1804)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/morphine-isolation-1804/) - [1899: Aspirin Commercialised by Bayer (1899)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/aspirin-commercialized-1899/) - [1906: Receptor Theory of Drug Action (1906)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/receptor-theory-1906/) - [1928: Discovery of Penicillin (1928)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/penicillin-discovery-1928/) - [1937: Sulfanilamide Elixir Disaster (1937)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/sulfanilamide-disaster-1937/) - [1943: Industrial-Scale Penicillin Production (1943)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/penicillin-mass-production-1943/) - [1944: Discovery of Streptomycin and First TB Drug (1944)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/streptomycin-1944/) - [1948: Classification of Alpha and Beta Adrenergic Receptors (1948)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/alpha-beta-receptors-1948/) - [1952: Chlorpromazine and the Psychopharmacology Revolution (1952)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/chlorpromazine-1952/) - [1957: Discovery of Imipramine and Antidepressant Drug Therapy (1957)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/imipramine-1957/) - [1960: Thalidomide Tragedy and Teratogenicity (1960)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/thalidomide-tragedy-1960/) - [1962: Kefauver-Harris Drug Amendment (1962)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/kefauver-harris-1962/) - [1964: Discovery and Development of Propranolol (1964)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/propranolol-1964/) - [1971: Vane Elucidates Aspirin's COX Inhibition Mechanism (1971)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/aspirin-cox-mechanism-1971/) - [1975: Development of Hybridoma Technology for Monoclonal Antibodies (1975)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/monoclonal-antibodies-1975/) - [1976: Cimetidine: First H2-Receptor Antagonist (1976)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/cimetidine-1976/) - [1981: Captopril and the ACE Inhibitor Class (1981)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/captopril-1981/) - [1982: First Recombinant Human Insulin (1982)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/recombinant-insulin-1982/) - [1986: Muromonab-CD3: First Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibody (1986)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/muromonab-cd3-1986/) - [1987: AZT: First Antiretroviral Drug for HIV/AIDS (1987)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/azt-1987/) - [1987: Lovastatin: First Approved Statin (1987)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/lovastatin-1987/) - [1988: Fluoxetine (Prozac) and the SSRI Era (1988)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/fluoxetine-1988/) - [1992: Omeprazole and Proton Pump Inhibitors (1992)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/omeprazole-1992/) - [1995: Saquinavir: First HIV Protease Inhibitor (1995)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/saquinavir-1995/) - [1997: Rituximab: First Anti-Cancer Monoclonal Antibody (1997)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/rituximab-1997/) - [1998: Sildenafil: Serendipitous PDE5 Discovery (1998)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/sildenafil-1998/) - [1998: Trastuzumab (Herceptin): HER2-Targeted Therapy (1998)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/trastuzumab-1998/) - [2001: Imatinib: Targeted Therapy Revolution (2001)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/imatinib-2001/) - [2003: Human Genome Project Completed (2003)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/human-genome-2003/) - [2004: Rofecoxib (Vioxx) Cardiovascular Risk Withdrawal (2004)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/vioxx-withdrawal-2004/) - [2004: Bevacizumab: First Anti-Angiogenic Cancer Drug (2004)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/bevacizumab-2004/) - [2006: Gardasil: First Cancer Prevention Vaccine (2006)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/gardasil-2006/) - [2011: Ipilimumab: First Checkpoint Inhibitor Approved (2011)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/ipilimumab-2011/) - [2013: Sofosbuvir: Hepatitis C Cure (2013)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/sofosbuvir-2013/) - [2013: First CAR-T Cell Therapy Success (2013)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/cart-cell-success-2013/) - [2014: Pembrolizumab and Nivolumab: PD-1 Era (2014)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/pd1-era-2014/) - [2015: CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing in Humans Proposed (2015)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/crispr-proposed-2015/) - [2017: First CAR-T Approved (Kymriah) (2017)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/kymriah-2017/) - [2017: First Gene Therapy Approved (Luxturna) (2017)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/luxturna-2017/) - [2018: First siRNA Drug Approved (Patisiran) (2018)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/patisiran-2018/) - [2020: mRNA Vaccines for COVID-19 (2020)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/mrna-vaccines-2020/) - [2021: Aducanumab: Controversial Alzheimer's Approval (2021)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/aducanumab-2021/) - [2021: AlphaFold Predicts Protein Structures (2021)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/alphafold-2021/) - [2022: Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab (Evusheld): Long-Acting COVID Prevention (2022)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/evusheld-2022/) - [2022: Semaglutide for Obesity (Wegovy) (2022)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/semaglutide-obesity-2022/) - [2023: First CRISPR Gene Therapy Approved (Casgevy) (2023)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/casgevy-2023/) - [2023: Lecanemab: First Clearly Effective Amyloid Drug (2023)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/lecanemab-2023/) - [2024: GLP-1 Agonists Expand Beyond Diabetes (2024)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/glp1-expansion-2024/) - [2024: First PROTAC Enters Phase III Trials (2024)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/protac-phase3-2024/) - [2025: AI-Designed Drug Enters Phase II (2025)](https://drugfyi.com/timeline/ai-drug-phase2-2025/) > 16 sections omitted due to size limit: Pharmacological Comparisons, Side Effects (MedDRA), Pharmacology Glossary, Guide Series: Mechanisms of Action, Guide Series: Pharmacokinetics, Guide Series: Drug Classes, Guide Series: Drug Interactions, Guide Series: Clinical Trials, Guide Series: Toxicology, Guide Series: Neuropharmacology, Guide Series: Cardiovascular Pharmacology, Guide Series: Oncology Pharmacology, Guide Series: Antimicrobials, Guide Series: Immunopharmacology, Guide Series: Drug Development, Interactive Tools. ## Full Index - [XML Sitemap](https://drugfyi.com/sitemap.xml)