Tác dụng phụ của thuốc

Low platelet count, associated with heparin (HIT), chemotherapy, and valproic acid.

Severe neutrophil depletion with high infection mortality. Key offenders: clozapine and carbimazole.

Reduced neutrophil count, common with cytotoxic chemotherapy, clozapine, and carbimazole.

Decreased red blood cell count, caused by myelosuppressive chemotherapy, ribavirin, and methotrexate.

Heart rate exceeding 100 bpm, caused by sympathomimetics, anticholinergics, and vasodilators.

Prolonged cardiac repolarization increasing torsades de pointes risk. Associated with antiarrhythmics and fluoroquinolones.

Heart rate below 60 bpm, characteristic of beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, digoxin, and amiodarone.

Perception of ringing in the ears, associated with aminoglycosides, loop diuretics, and aspirin.

Reduced visual acuity, common with anticholinergics, corticosteroids, and hydroxychloroquine.

Xerostomia from reduced salivary flow, common with anticholinergics, antidepressants, and diuretics.

Infrequent or difficult passage of hard stools, especially with opioids, anticholinergics, and calcium channel blockers.

Unpleasant sensation of urge to vomit, commonly caused by opioids, chemotherapy, SSRIs, and many other …

Loose or watery stools, common with antibiotics, metformin, and TKIs.

Forceful expulsion of gastric contents, often associated with chemotherapy, opioids, and general anesthesia.

Pain in the abdominal region, common with NSAIDs, metformin, and laxatives.

Inflammation of the pancreas, associated with GLP-1 agonists, azathioprine, and valproic acid.

Persistent tiredness and decreased energy, frequent with beta-blockers, antihistamines, and immunotherapies.

Fluid accumulation in extremities, common with calcium channel blockers, thiazolidinediones, and pregabalin.

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Key offenders: acetaminophen, isoniazid, methotrexate, and amiodarone.

Acute life-threatening IgE-mediated hypersensitivity. Reported with penicillins, NSAIDs, and biologics.

Unintended increase in body weight, associated with atypical antipsychotics, corticosteroids, and insulin.

Unintended decrease in body weight, seen with GLP-1 agonists, topiramate, and chemotherapy.

Dangerously low blood glucose, the primary risk of insulin, sulfonylureas, and meglitinides.

Low serum potassium, caused by loop and thiazide diuretics, corticosteroids, and amphotericin B.

Elevated blood glucose, caused by corticosteroids, atypical antipsychotics, and thiazide diuretics.

Elevated serum potassium, associated with ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and potassium-sparing diuretics.

Muscle pain, the hallmark side effect of statins, also seen with fluoroquinolones and checkpoint inhibitors.

Joint pain without inflammation, associated with aromatase inhibitors and fluoroquinolones.

Pain in the lumbar or thoracic region, reported with bisphosphonates and PDE5 inhibitors.

Skeletal muscle breakdown releasing myoglobin. Associated with statins (especially with CYP3A4 inhibitors).

Involuntary rhythmic muscle contractions, associated with lithium, valproic acid, and beta-agonists.

Rare life-threatening reaction to dopamine antagonists with hyperthermia, rigidity, and autonomic dysfunction.

Potentially fatal hyperserotonergic state with mental status changes, autonomic instability, and neuromuscular hyperactivity.

Excessive sleepiness or sedation, characteristic of first-generation antihistamines, benzodiazepines, and opioids.

Sensation of lightheadedness or unsteadiness, common with antihypertensives, CNS depressants, and vestibulotoxic agents.

Abnormal excessive neuronal discharge, seen with tramadol, bupropion, and carbapenems.

Pain in the head or upper neck region, one of the most universally reported adverse …

Difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep, associated with SSRIs, corticosteroids, and stimulants.

Inability to empty the bladder, caused by anticholinergics, opioids, and tricyclic antidepressants.

Drug-induced kidney damage. Common with aminoglycosides, cisplatin, NSAIDs, and contrast dye.

Inability to achieve or maintain an erection, associated with SSRIs, beta-blockers, and thiazide diuretics.

Dry persistent cough, classically associated with ACE inhibitors (bradykinin accumulation).

Shortness of breath, seen with beta-blockers, amiodarone (pulmonary toxicity), and bleomycin.

Itching sensation of the skin, seen with opioids, cholestatic drugs, and checkpoint inhibitors.

Severe mucocutaneous immune-mediated reaction. Most associated with allopurinol, carbamazepine, and lamotrigine.

Hair loss, commonly caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy, anticoagulants, and retinoids.

Skin eruption varying from maculopapular to urticarial, common with antibiotics and anticonvulsants.

Increased skin sensitivity to UV radiation, caused by tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, and thiazides.

Elevated blood pressure, associated with NSAIDs, corticosteroids, and VEGF inhibitors.

Abnormally low blood pressure, common with alpha-blockers, nitrates, and first-dose ACE inhibitors.