PK/PD Modeling (PK/PD)

A mathematical framework that integrates pharmacokinetic (drug concentration over time) and pharmacodynamic (drug effect over time) relationships to describe and predict the time course of drug action. PK/PD models link dose to exposure (PK) and exposure to response (PD), enabling rational dose selection, prediction of efficacy/toxicity, and clinical trial simulation.

أمثلة

• Emax model — maximum effect model with EC50 parameter
• Indirect response models for warfarin anticoagulation effect
• Population PK/PD using NONMEM software for dose individualization