Pharmacology Glossary

505(b)(2) Application (505(b)(2)) (505(b)(2))

Regulatory

Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) (ANDA)

Clinical

ABC Transporter Superfamily (ABC) (ABC)

Transporters

Absorption Rate Constant (Ka) (Ka)

Pharmacokinetics

Accelerated Approval

Regulatory

ADME (ADME) (ADME)

Chemistry

ADMET Prediction (ADMET) (ADMET)

Computational Pharmacology

Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) (ADR)

Clinical

Adverse Event (AE) (AE)

Clinical

Agonist

Pharmacodynamics

Allosteric Modulator (PAM/NAM) (PAM/NAM)

Pharmacodynamics

Amorphous Solid

Chemistry

Anaphylaxis

Immunopharmacology

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) (ACE)

Targets & Receptors

Antagonist

Pharmacodynamics

Antibody-Drug Conjugate (ADC) (ADC)

Research

Antimetabolite

Immunopharmacology

Area Under the Curve (AUC) (AUC)

Pharmacokinetics

ATC Classification (ATC) (ATC)

General

Autoimmune Disease Therapy

Immunopharmacology

Autoinduction

Pharmacokinetics

BCRP (BCRP) (BCRP)

Transporters

Binding Free Energy (delta-G) (delta-G)

Computational Pharmacology

Bioavailability (F) (F)

Pharmacokinetics

Bioequivalence (BE) (BE)

Clinical

Bioisostere

Chemistry

Biologic Response Modifier (BRM) (BRM)

Immunopharmacology

Biologics License Application (BLA) (BLA)

Research

Biosimilar

Research

Black Box Warning (BBW) (BBW)

Regulatory

Blinding

Clinical

Breakthrough Therapy Designation (BTD) (BTD)

Regulatory

BSEP (BSEP) (BSEP)

Transporters

Calcineurin Inhibitor (CNI) (CNI)

Immunopharmacology

Carcinogenicity

Toxicology

Cardiotoxicity

Toxicology

CAR-T Cell Therapy (CAR-T) (CAR-T)

Immunopharmacology

Ceiling Effect

Pharmacodynamics

Checkpoint Inhibitor (ICI) (ICI)

Immunopharmacology

Cheminformatics

Computational Pharmacology

Chirality

Chemistry

Clearance (CL) (CL)

Pharmacokinetics

Co-Crystal

Chemistry

Compartment Model

Pharmacokinetics

Compassionate Use

Regulatory

Competitive Antagonist

Pharmacodynamics

Complement Inhibitor

Immunopharmacology

Constitutive Activity

Targets & Receptors

Controlled Substance

General

CRISPR Drug Discovery (CRISPR) (CRISPR)

Research

Crossover Design

Clinical

Cross-Tolerance

Pharmacodynamics

Crystalline Polymorphism

Chemistry

Cyclooxygenase (COX) (COX)

Targets & Receptors

Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) (CYP450)

Toxicology

Cytokine Storm (CRS) (CRS)

Immunopharmacology

Defined Daily Dose (DDD) (DDD)

General

De Novo Drug Design

Computational Pharmacology

Dosage Form

General

Dose Escalation

Clinical

Dose-Limiting Toxicity (DLT) (DLT)

Clinical

Dose-Response Assessment

Toxicology

Dose-Response Curve

Pharmacodynamics

Drug Candidate

Research

Drug Delivery System (DDS) (DDS)

General

Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI) (DDI)

Clinical

Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI) (DILI)

Toxicology

Drug-Likeness Score

Computational Pharmacology

Drug Master File (DMF) (DMF)

Regulatory

Drug Repurposing

Research

Efficacy (Emax) (Emax)

Pharmacodynamics

Enantiomer

Chemistry

ENT1 (ENT1) (ENT1)

Transporters

Enterohepatic Recirculation

Pharmacokinetics

Enzyme Induction

Pharmacokinetics

Enzyme Inhibition

Pharmacokinetics

Enzyme Target

Targets & Receptors

European Medicines Agency (EMA) (EMA)

Regulatory

Excipient

General

Extraction Ratio (E) (E)

Pharmacokinetics

Fast Track Designation

Regulatory

First-Pass Effect

Pharmacokinetics

Flip-Flop Kinetics

Pharmacokinetics

Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (FDA)

Regulatory

Force Field (FF) (FF)

Computational Pharmacology

Formulation

General

Fragment-Based Drug Design (FBDD) (FBDD)

Research

Generic Drug

General

Genotoxicity

Toxicology

Good Clinical Practice (GCP) (GCP)

Regulatory

Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) (GMP)

Regulatory

G-Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR) (GPCR)

Targets & Receptors

Graded Dose-Response

Pharmacodynamics

Half-Life (t1/2) (t1/2)

Pharmacokinetics

Half Maximal Effective Concentration (EC50) (EC50)

Pharmacodynamics

Half Maximal Inhibitory Concentration (IC50) (IC50)

Pharmacodynamics

Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation

Chemistry

Hepatic Clearance (CLh) (CLh)

Pharmacokinetics

Hepatic Extraction Ratio (ER) (ER)

Pharmacokinetics

Hepatotoxicity

Toxicology

High-Throughput Screening (HTS) (HTS)

Research

Hit-to-Lead (H2L) (H2L)

Research

HMG-CoA Reductase (HMGCR) (HMGCR)

Targets & Receptors

Homology Modeling

Computational Pharmacology

Hydrogen Bond (H-bond) (H-bond)

Chemistry

Hydrophobicity

Chemistry

Hypersensitivity Reaction

Immunopharmacology

Immunoglobulin Therapy (IVIG) (IVIG)

Immunopharmacology

Immunostimulant

Immunopharmacology

Immunosuppressant

Immunopharmacology

Immunotoxicity

Toxicology

InChI (InChI) (InChI)

Chemistry

IND-Enabling Studies

Research

Informed Consent (IC) (IC)

Clinical

Intention-to-Treat Analysis (ITT) (ITT)

Clinical

Interleukin (IL) (IL)

Immunopharmacology

International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) (ICH)

Regulatory

International Nonproprietary Name (INN) (INN)

General

Intrinsic Activity (alpha) (alpha)

Pharmacodynamics

Inverse Agonist

Pharmacodynamics

Investigational New Drug Application (IND) (IND)

Regulatory

Ion Channel

Targets & Receptors

Irreversible Antagonist

Pharmacodynamics

IUPAC Nomenclature (IUPAC) (IUPAC)

Chemistry

Kinase Inhibitor

Targets & Receptors

Lead Optimization

Research

Lethal Dose 50 (LD50) (LD50)

Toxicology

Ligand Efficiency (LE) (LE)

Computational Pharmacology

Ligand-Gated Ion Channel (LGIC) (LGIC)

Targets & Receptors

Lipinski's Rule of Five (Ro5) (Ro5)

Chemistry

Loading Dose

Pharmacokinetics

Machine Learning in Drug Discovery (ML) (ML)

Computational Pharmacology

Maintenance Dose

Pharmacokinetics

Margin of Safety (MOS) (MOS)

Toxicology

MATE1 (MATE1) (MATE1)

Transporters

MATE2-K (MATE2-K) (MATE2-K)

Transporters

Maximum Plasma Concentration (Cmax) (Cmax)

Pharmacokinetics

Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) (MTD)

Toxicology

Medication Adherence

General

Medication Error

General

Metabolic Ratio (MR) (MR)

Pharmacokinetics

Metabolite

Chemistry

Michaelis-Menten Kinetics

Pharmacokinetics

Molecular Docking

Computational Pharmacology

Molecular Dynamics Simulation (MD) (MD)

Computational Pharmacology

Molecular Weight (MW) (MW)

Chemistry

Monoclonal Antibody (mAb) (mAb)

Immunopharmacology

MRP1 (MRP1) (MRP1)

Transporters

MRP2 (MRP2) (MRP2)

Transporters

mTOR Inhibitor

Immunopharmacology

Narrow Therapeutic Index (NTI) (NTI)

General

Nephrotoxicity

Toxicology

Network Pharmacology

Computational Pharmacology

Neurotoxicity

Toxicology

New Drug Application (NDA) (NDA)

Clinical

Nocebo Effect

Clinical

Non-Competitive Antagonist

Pharmacodynamics

Non-Linear Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacokinetics

No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) (NOAEL)

Toxicology

Nuclear Receptor (NR) (NR)

Targets & Receptors

Number Needed to Harm (NNH) (NNH)

Clinical

Number Needed to Treat (NNT) (NNT)

Clinical

OAT1 (OAT1) (OAT1)

Transporters

OAT3 (OAT3) (OAT3)

Transporters

OATP1B1 (OATP1B1) (OATP1B1)

Transporters

OATP1B3 (OATP1B3) (OATP1B3)

Transporters

OCT1 (OCT1) (OCT1)

Transporters

OCT2 (OCT2) (OCT2)

Transporters

Off-Label Use

Clinical

Orphan Drug Designation (ODD) (ODD)

Regulatory

Orphan Receptor

Targets & Receptors

OTC Monograph

Regulatory

Partial Agonist

Pharmacodynamics

Partition Coefficient (LogP) (LogP)

Chemistry

Pediatric Exclusivity

Regulatory

PEPT1 (PEPT1) (PEPT1)

Transporters

Per-Protocol Analysis (PP) (PP)

Clinical

P-glycoprotein (P-gp) (P-gp)

Transporters

Pharmacodynamics (PD) (PD)

Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacogenomics (PGx) (PGx)

Research

Pharmacokinetics (PK) (PK)

Pharmacokinetics

Pharmacophore Modeling

Computational Pharmacology

Pharmacovigilance (PV) (PV)

General

Phase I Clinical Trial

Clinical

Phase II Clinical Trial

Clinical

Phase III Clinical Trial

Clinical

Phase IV Clinical Trial

Clinical

Phenotypic Screening

Research

Phosphodiesterase (PDE) (PDE)

Targets & Receptors

Phototoxicity

Toxicology

Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetics (PBPK) (PBPK)

Computational Pharmacology

pKa (pKa) (pKa)

Chemistry

PK/PD Modeling (PK/PD) (PK/PD)

Computational Pharmacology

Placebo Effect

Clinical

Plasma Protein Binding Displacement

Pharmacokinetics

Polypharmacy

Clinical

Population Pharmacokinetics (PopPK) (PopPK)

Pharmacokinetics

Post-Marketing Surveillance (PMS) (PMS)

Regulatory

Potency

Pharmacodynamics

Preclinical Studies

Research

Priority Review

Regulatory

Prodrug

Chemistry

PROTAC (PROTAC) (PROTAC)

Research

Protease Inhibitor (PI) (PI)

Targets & Receptors

Protein Binding

Pharmacokinetics

Quantal Dose-Response

Pharmacodynamics

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) (QSAR)

Computational Pharmacology

Racemic Mixture

Chemistry

Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) (RCT)

Clinical

Receptor Desensitization

Pharmacodynamics

Receptor Dimerization

Targets & Receptors

Receptor Downregulation

Targets & Receptors

Receptor Occupancy (RO) (RO)

Pharmacodynamics

Receptor Trafficking

Targets & Receptors

Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) (RTK)

Targets & Receptors

Receptor Upregulation

Targets & Receptors

Regulatory Exclusivity

Regulatory

Relative Risk Reduction (RRR) (RRR)

Clinical

Renal Clearance (CLr) (CLr)

Pharmacokinetics

Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) (REMS)

Regulatory

Route of Administration

General

Salt Form

Chemistry

Salt Selection

Chemistry

Second Messenger

Pharmacodynamics

Selectivity

Pharmacodynamics

Serious Adverse Event (SAE) (SAE)

Clinical

Signal Transduction

Pharmacodynamics

SMILES (SMILES) (SMILES)

Chemistry

Solubility

Chemistry

Spare Receptors

Pharmacodynamics

Steady State (Css) (Css)

Pharmacokinetics

Stereoisomer

Chemistry

Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) (SAR)

Research

Surrogate Endpoint

Clinical

Systems Pharmacology (QSP) (QSP)

Computational Pharmacology

Tachyphylaxis

Pharmacodynamics

Target Validation

Research

Teratogenicity

Toxicology

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) (TDM)

Clinical

Therapeutic Index (TI) (TI)

Pharmacodynamics

Therapeutic Window

Toxicology

Time to Maximum Concentration (Tmax) (Tmax)

Pharmacokinetics

Tolerance

Pharmacodynamics

Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) (TLR)

Targets & Receptors

Topological Polar Surface Area (TPSA) (TPSA)

Chemistry

Trough Concentration (Cmin) (Cmin)

Pharmacokinetics

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) (TNF)

Immunopharmacology

Vaccine Adjuvant

Immunopharmacology

Virtual Screening (VS) (VS)

Computational Pharmacology

Voltage-Gated Ion Channel (VGIC) (VGIC)

Targets & Receptors

Volume of Distribution (Vd) (Vd)

Pharmacokinetics

Washout Period

Clinical

WHO Prequalification (WHO PQ) (WHO PQ)

Regulatory