Moderate
Probable
Deskripsi
Carvedilol combined with diltiazem increases the risk of bradycardia, hypotension, and AV block through additive cardiac depressant effects and pharmacokinetic interaction.
Mekanisme
Diltiazem inhibits CYP2D6 (a pathway for carvedilol metabolism), increasing carvedilol exposure; diltiazem also inhibits AV nodal conduction via calcium channel blockade, adding to carvedilol's beta-blocking effects.
Signifikansi Klinis
Symptomatic bradycardia and hypotension requiring treatment have been reported; risk is highest in patients with systolic heart failure.
Penatalaksanaan
Start carvedilol at minimal dose; monitor heart rate and blood pressure closely when combining; perform ECG if symptomatic bradycardia suspected.